My core list of quantum fabs in the United States originally was at 7 facilities that had my attention. Back on December 12, 2025 we dug into those and this journey started.
Quantum fabs in the United States
I have been thinking for the past few weeks about where quantum computer chip fabrication actually happens in the United States. By quantum fabs, I mean facilities capable of fabricating quantum devices, not mass production CMOS plants. What emerges instead is a small set of research oriented or pilot scale fabs designed to iterate on fragile devices ra…
My list is now more complete with a total of 26 accessible and hybrid fab facilities plus 5 captive fabs bringing the total to 31 fabs I’m currently tracking. I have been refining what belongs on a true U.S. quantum fab map, and the answer really depends on what the intent of the list ends up being. If the goal is to understand where researchers and startups can fabricate devices today, access remains the primary filter. If the goal is to understand national capability and long-term industrial power, then several closed but strategically decisive facilities must be added back in explicitly. Based on that split I think tracking both things is ultimately important.
The access distinction in this list reflects a spectrum rather than a true binary separation. For example, Rigetti’s Fab-1 appears under commercial services because it has offered external foundry programs, but access remains selective and programmatic rather than broadly open in the NNCI or MPW sense.
My plan going forward is to track changes to this list on a quarterly basis to better understand the changing quantum fab landscape in the United States. We are either looking for some clear winners to emerge in terms of capacity or for the number to keep growing while that ultimate sorting occurs. Assuming that quantum computing ends up being an enterprise play, we may see the Alphabet (Google) and IBM facilities becoming the anchor to future production and major consolidation will occur. Right now, things have not become purely modular in the quantum space. Consequently, I will specifically be tracking “Process Node Availability” watching for when these fabs move from generic lithography services to offering standardized quantum-grade materials as a standard service. Any of these facilities could end up figuring out the best path forward and end up winning the design race to produce production-ready outputs.
That means we have to account for accessible quantum fab infrastructure where designs and testing are going to be occurring. Outside of that, we will probably see more captive, but strategically essential, additions to the overall fab map. Access really does determine who can experiment, but captive fabs probably will determine where scaling breakthroughs occur. Within that analysis, we can assume that Albany remains a structural exception that bridges both layers. The Sandia and Intel facilities represent security and commercial gravity wells, not shared infrastructure. I’m going to have to really pay attention during the process of digging into and updating this list to make sure sites like PsiQuantum which are really integration sites are not mislabeled as fabs. I’m trying to make sure this list is constrained to places where quantum fabrication is occurring in the United States.
Below is the complete, deduplicated list of 31 quantum-capable or maybe quantum adjacent fab facilities in the United States, reflecting everything we have agreed on so far. I still need to dig into each one of these in more detail to see what exactly they are capable of producing. This list includes both accessible infrastructure and captive strategic fabs, with no design centers or integration-only sites misclassified as fabs.
17 Open-access academic nanofabs and NNCI-style nodes (fee-for-service)
Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF), Cornell University (NY) [1].
Kentucky Multiscale Node, University of Louisville MNTC (KY) [2].
Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CeNSE), University of Kentucky (KY) [3].
Pritzker Nanofabrication Facility (PNF), University of Chicago (IL) [4].
Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (SNSF), Stanford University (CA) [5].
Nano3, UC San Diego (CA) [6].
Washington Nanofabrication Facility (WNF), University of Washington (WA) [7].
Montana Microfabrication Facility (MMF), Montana State University (MT) [8].
Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network (RTNN), NC State University (NC) [9].
VINSE Cleanroom, Vanderbilt University (TN) [10].
Notre Dame Nanofabrication Facility (NDNF), University of Notre Dame (IN) [11].
USC Core Nanofabrication Facilities, University of Southern California (CA) [12].
Minnesota Nano Center (MNC), University of Minnesota (MN) [13].
University of Delaware Nanofabrication Facility (UDNF), University of Delaware (DE) [14].
Materials Growth Facility (MGF), University of Delaware (DE) [15].
Penn State Nanofabrication Lab, Penn State (PA) [16].
2D Crystal Consortium (2DCC), Penn State (PA) [17].
5 Federal user facilities and national lab capability layers (proposal-based, often no-charge for publishable work)
Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), Argonne National Laboratory (IL) [18].
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (CA) [19].
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN) [20].
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), LANL and Sandia (NM) [21].
Superconducting Quantum Materials and Systems Center (SQMS), Fermilab (IL) [22].
4 Commercial MPW and foundry services (paid access, shuttle models)
GlobalFoundries GlobalShuttle MPW program (US accessible program; Malta, NY site context common in quantum supply chains) [23].
SkyWater Technology MPW Programs (MN) [24].
Rigetti Quantum Foundry Services, Fab-1 (Fremont, CA) [25].
AIM Photonics MPW shuttle ecosystem (Albany, NY) [26].
5 Captive industrial quantum fab sites (not generally open user facilities)
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights (NY), 200 mm research-scale quantum chip fab (IBM statement) [27].
IBM quantum processor fabrication at Albany NanoTech Complex (NY CREATES statement) [28].
Google Quantum AI campus, Santa Barbara (CA), fabrication facility (Google statement) [29].
Intel D1 fabrication facility, Hillsboro (OR), 300 mm silicon spin qubit devices (Intel statement) [30].
Sandia MESA Complex, Albuquerque (NM), co-located silicon and compound semiconductor fabs and microsystems fabrication [31].
What is intentionally not included in this list of 31: PsiQuantum Chicago site (integration and deployment, not a fab) [32], design-only centers with no fab, cloud-only quantum compute facilities, and overseas fabs used by U.S. companies. I believe at this point my list of 31 is a correct and defensible count of U.S. quantum-capable fab facilities. This list reflects current public visibility.
Footnotes:
[1] Cornell CNF, “Cornell NanoScale Science & Technology Facility (CNF),” https://cnf.cornell.edu/
[2] NNCI, “KY Multiscale,” https://nnci.net/sites/ky-multiscale
[3] University of Kentucky CeNSE, “Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering,” https://cense.engr.uky.edu/
[4] University of Chicago, “Pritzker Nanofabrication Facility,” https://pnf.uchicago.edu/
[5] Stanford SNSF, “Stanford Nano Shared Facilities,” https://snsf.stanford.edu/
[6] UC San Diego Nano3, “Nano3 Cleanroom,” https://nano3.calit2.net/ updated to
https://nanofab.ucsd.edu/service/
[7] University of Washington WNF, “Washington Nanofabrication Facility,” https://www.wnf.uw.edu/
[8] Montana State University MMF, “Lab Fees,” https://mmf.montana.edu/about/mmf-lab-fees.html
[9] NNCI, “RTNN,” https://nnci.net/sites/rtnn
[10] Vanderbilt VINSE, “Cleanroom,” https://www.vanderbilt.edu/vinse/cleanroom/
[11] University of Notre Dame, “Facility Access, Notre Dame Nanofabrication Facility,” https://nanofabrication.nd.edu/facility-access/
[12] USC Nanofab, “USC Core Nanofabrication Facilities,” https://nanofab.usc.edu/
[13] University of Minnesota, “Minnesota Nano Center,” https://cse.umn.edu/mnc
[14] University of Delaware, “Nanofabrication Facility,” https://mseg.udel.edu/about/facilities/
[15] University of Delaware MGF, “Services, Materials Growth Facility,” https://www.mgf.udel.edu/services/
[16] Penn State MRI, “Nanofabrication Lab,” https://www.mri.psu.edu/nanofabrication-lab
[17] Penn State MRI, “2D Crystal Consortium,” https://www.mri.psu.edu/2d-crystal-consortium-2
[18] Argonne CNM, “CNM User Information,” https://cnm.anl.gov/pages/user-information
[19] Berkeley Lab Molecular Foundry, “User Program,” https://foundry.lbl.gov/user-program/
[20] ORNL CNMS, “Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS),” https://www.ornl.gov/facility/cnms
[21] CINT, “User Facilities,” https://cint.lanl.gov/facilities/index.shtml
[22] Fermilab SQMS, “Facilities, Enabling Labs and Tools,” https://sqmscenter.fnal.gov/facilities/enabling-labs-and-tools/
[23] GlobalFoundries, “GlobalShuttle multi-project wafer program,” https://gf.com/manufacturing-services/multi-project-wafer-program/
[24] SkyWater, “Multi Project Wafer (MPW) Services & Programs,” https://www.skywatertechnology.com/technology-and-design-enablement/mpw-programs/
[25] Rigetti, “Rigetti Quantum Foundry Services,” https://www.rigetti.com/rigetti-quantum-foundry-services
[26] AIM Photonics, “AIM Photonics,” https://aimphotonics.com/
[27] IBM Quantum Blog, “Building quantum computers with leading-edge semiconductor fab,” https://www.ibm.com/quantum/blog/300mm-fab
[28] NY CREATES, “IBM Announces All Future Chips on the IBM Quantum Development Roadmap to be Fabricated at NY Creates’ Albany NanoTech Complex,” https://ny-creates.org/ibm-announces-all-future-chips-on-the-ibm-quantum-development-roadmap-to-be-fabricated-at-ny-creates-albany-nanotech-complex/
[29] Google Quantum AI, “Our Lab,” https://quantumai.google/lab
[30] Intel Newsroom, “Intel’s New Chip to Advance Silicon Spin Qubit Research (Tunnel Falls),” https://newsroom.intel.com/new-technologies/quantum-computing-chip-to-advance-research
[31] Sandia National Laboratories, “MESA,” https://www.sandia.gov/mesa/
[32] PsiQuantum, “PsiQuantum Breaks Ground on America’s Largest Quantum Computing Project in Chicago,” https://www.psiquantum.com/news-import/psiquantum-breaks-ground-chicago
